In the article it is examined the history of secular education and enlightenment in Kazakhstan. The author analyzes the education system since Soviet times. The works on this problem were considered, conclusions were made. In addition, the problem of secular education in the 20-30s of the twentieth century is divided into 3 stages and presented in tabular form. The author also notes that since 1923 there has been an increase in the budget of public education and an improvement in the financial situation of teachers. This, in turn, indicates the gradual development of the system of general education schools. The aim of the article is to analyze and comprehend the history of secular education and enlightenment in Kazakhstan. The authors tried to analyze some problems of the development of the system of secular education and enlightenment in Kazakhstan, such as the lack of school buildings; lack of teachers, specialists with special education, etc.