This article presents a comprehensive analysis of theoretical and methodological aspects, as well as practical experience in teaching the fundamentals of hydrogeology within higher education. In today’s world, where environmental issues such as climate change, freshwater scarcity and groundwater pollution are intensifying, the relevance of hydrogeology is increasing. The content of this discipline is viewed as a key component of professional training for future geography specialists, as it delivers scientific knowledge and prepares competent professionals capable of making informed decisions in sustainable natural resource management, environmental protection and ecological safety. The main objective of this study is to analyze pedagogical methods and approaches used in teaching hydrogeology in higher education and determine their effectiveness and specific applications. Achieving this goal aims to enhance theoretical and practical training of geography students, as well as develop their ecological thinking and research skills. The study employed methods such as content analysis, comparative description, pedagogical observation and qualitative evaluation. The article explores traditional teaching methods (lectures, practical and laboratory classes) alongside innovative approaches, including interactive teaching, digital learning platforms, field expeditions, modeling and project-based learning. The importance of visualization tools and digital technologies in fostering student engagement is emphasized. Findings show that practice-oriented instruction, integrated approaches and effective use of digital resources improve students’ subject knowledge. Integrating theoretical content with practical examples, using problem-based tasks and conducting group projects that encourage independent decision-making enhance the effectiveness of the educational process. However, some higher education institutions still face challenges such as a lack of methodological resources and insufficient material and technical infrastructure. In conclusion, systematic application of effective pedagogical methods in teaching hydrogeology plays a crucial role in developing professional competencies of future specialists. Recommendations are proposed to improve instructors’ methodological preparedness, integrate innovative technologies, and adapt academic programs to modern educational demands.